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This major new report by business analysts Douglas-Westwood examines the current and future prospects, technologies and markets for the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) sector.
Despite the global recession, the outlook for long-term gas demand remains high. LNG offers an effective alternative to piped gas supply and is seen as an increasingly important solution to the monetisation of isolated gas reserves. Overall global Capex on LNG facilities for the 2010-2014 period is forecast to total over $108 billion - a growth of 10% relative to the 2005-2009 period.
The report is unique in providing a complete overview of the whole LNG process chain, encompassing liquefaction plants, carriers and regasification terminals.
In common with other reports of Douglas-Westwood's acclaimed series, The World LNG Market Report will be useful for executive readers. The report does not assume a detailed technical knowledge of the subject.
Technology review
The report covers the complete LNG chain including liquefaction and regasification processes, LNG transportation and containment systems.
Market prospects
The report identifies trends and expenditure by region and thoroughly discusses on a country-by-country basis the current and future prospects for the LNG plants, carriers, and terminals over the period to 2014.
Using the same in-depth modelling process that is adopted for other reports in this series, The World LNG Market Report presents a five-year market forecast for activity in the sector over 2010-2014, with the timing of expenditure phased to reflect likely project structure.
It includes a series of charts and tables (with five years of historic data) showing the market expenditures in US dollar values over the period, segmented by facility type, region and component.
Contents
> Summary & Conclusions - an executive overview, highlighting worldwide LNG developments, and historic and forecast activity by volume and value.
> The LNG Industry - an introduction to the LNG market including contracting practices.
> LNG Liquefaction - an explanation of all the major LNG liquefaction technologies.
> LNG Transport - description of all the main types of carrier and containment systems.
> LNG Regasification - the receiving and regasification process, associated technologies.
> Global Gas Demand and the LNG Consumers - overview of gas consumption in the context of global energy demand and LNG consumers by region.
> Global Overview of LNG Activity - identification and description of all the prospective developments over the 2010-2014 period, presented on a country by country basis for each of the following regions; Africa, Asia, Australasia, Latin America, Middle East, North America and Western Europe.
> Case Studies - The a more in-depth look at a chosen selection of project developments, one for each region.
> Market Forecast - capital expenditure and import/export capacity in the LNG market over the period to 2014, presented by facility type, region and component.
> Appendices - company and contractor profiles; conversion tables.
> Data Summary - information on LNG liquefaction, carriers, and regasification terminals for 2010-2014.
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Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary and Conclusions 14
1.1 About the report . 15
1.2 Introduction .. 15
1.3 Development of the LNG Sector .. 15
1.4 Market Forecasts 16
1.5 Market Drivers . 17
1.6 Industry Trends and Market Conclusions.. 17
2 The LNG Industry . 19
2.1 Introduction .. 20
2.2 The LNG Chain 20
2.3 LNG Contracting Practices .. 22
2.4 LNG Market Dynamics 23
3 LNG Liquefaction . 27
3.1 Introduction .. 28
3.2 Pre-Liquefaction Gas Treatment .. 28
3.3 LNG Liquefaction Processes . 29
3.4 Liquefaction Technology Market . 35
3.5 LNG Contractors Market Share . 35
4 LNG Transportation 36
4.1 Introduction .. 37
4.2 LNG Vessel Designs 38
4.3 LNG Carrier Propulsion . 42
5 LNG Regasification . 45
5.1 Receiving and Regasification Process 46
6 Gas Demand and LNG Consumers .. 50
6.1 Long-term Global Energy and Gas Demand . 51
7 Offshore LNG .. 60
7.1 Why Offshore? 61
7.2 Offshore Receiving Terminals .. 62
7.3 Offshore Liquefaction Terminals . 64
7.4 Summary of Current Offshore Prospects .. 67
8 Global Overview of LNG Activity 70
8.1 Global Overview of Prospects .. 71
8.2 Africa . 72
8.3 Asia . 79
8.4 Australasia . 92
8.5 Eastern Europe & FSU 98
8.6 Latin America 100
8.7 Middle East . 107
8.8 North America .. 112
8.9 Western Europe 122
9 Case Studies 132
9.1 Bonny Island, Nigeria .. 133
9.2 Guangdong Dapeng LNG Import Terminal, China . 135
9.3 Kawagoe LNG Import Terminal, Japan . 137
9.4 North West Shelf Venture, Australia .. 139
9.5 Sakhalin II, Russia .. 141
9.6 Atlantic LNG, Trinidad & Tobago.. 144
9.7 Qatargas, Qatar 145
9.8 Lake Charles Import Terminal, USA 148
9.9 Snøhvit, Norway .. 150
9.10 Adriatic LNG, Italy .. 152
10 Market Forecast . 154
10.1 Introduction 155
10.2 The Forecasting Process .. 155
10.3 Pricing Procedures 156
10.4 Capex Breakdown .. 156
10.5 LNG Liquefaction Terminals 157
10.6 LNG Carriers .. 161
10.7 LNG Import Terminals .. 163
10.8 Forecast by Regions . 166
10.9 The Global LNG Market by Facility Type .. 173
10.10 The Global LNG Market by Region .. 174
11 Appendices .. 176
11.1 Major Contractor Profile . 177
11.2 Other Company Profiles . 181
11.3 Conversion Tables . 184
12 Data Summary 186
12.1 Prospective LNG Liquefaction Terminal Developments 2010-2014 187
12.2 Prospective Newbuild LNG Carriers (Orderbook) .. 189
12.3 Prospective LNG Import Terminal Developments 2010-2014 . 191
Figures
Figure 1: Capex on LNG Facilities by Type .. 16
Figure 2: Capex on LNG Facilities by Region . 16
Figure 3: The LNG Chain .. 20
Figure 4: Process Diagram of the LNG chain .. 20
Figure 5: Commercial Risks in the Value Chain . 21
Figure 6: Illustrative Costs of Gas, Oil and Coal Transportation – Showing Gas’s Higher Costs and the Effect of Scale (Gas Delivery Capability in BCM) 23
Figure 7: Oil, Gas and LNG Prices 24
Figure 8: LNG Import Demand Growth .. 25
Figure 9: Forecast LNG Output Capacity Expansion 2009 .. 25
Figure 10: Pacific Basin LNG Imports 2008-2015 . 26
Figure 11: Liquefaction Terminal 28
Figure 12: Nitrogen Expander Liquefaction Process 29
Figure 13: Proteus LNG Process .. 30
Figure 14: Mixed Refrigerant Compressor 31
Figure 15: Single Mixed Refrigerant Process .. 31
Figure 16: Propane Pre-Cooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 32
Figure 17: Cryogenic Heat Exchanger 32
Figure 18: Pure Refrigerant Cascade Process 32
Figure 19: ConocoPhillips Optimised Cascade Process 33
Figure 20: Statoil-Linde Mixed Fluid Cascade Process .. 33
Figure 21: Dual Mixed Refrigerant Process . 34
Figure 22: Liquefin Process . 34
Figure 23: Liquefaction Capacity (mmtpa) 35
Figure 24: Contractor Market Share Based on Installed Liquefaction Capacity . 35
Figure 25: Development of the LNG Carrier Fleet . 37
Figure 26: Existing Fleet by Containment System 38
Figure 27: (left) Membrane Tank (right) Hanjin Pyeongtaek Carrier 38
Figure 28: Typical Membrane Containment Layout . 38
Figure 29: The Umm Al Ashtan Carrier .. 39
Figure 30: Spherical LNG Tank .. 39
Figure 31: Typical Kvaerner-Moss Layout . 39
Figure 32: Polar Eagle SPB LNG carrier 40
Figure 33: IHI SPB Tank 40
Figure 34: Polar Eagle Layout . 40
Figure 35: Hull Section of a LNG Carrier with ADBT Tank 41
Figure 36: Double Wall Panel . 41
Figure 37: Simple Cycle System 43
Figure 38: COGES System 43
Figure 39: Direct Drive System 44
Figure 40: LNG Import Terminal Schematic . 46
Figure 41: LNG Carrier Discharge . 46
Figure 42: LNG Tank Design Features 47
Figure 43: Fitting the Glass Insulation . 47
Figure 44: Submerged Combustion Vapouriser (Closed Loop) .. 48
Figure 45: Side & Front Schematic of the Sea Water Vapouriser (Open-loop) 48
Figure 46: Gas Consumption by Region 1990-2030 . 51
Figure 47: Global Oil Supply 1930-2050 . 51
Figure 48 : Natural Gas Major Trade Movements 2008 .. 53
Figure 49: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Africa .. 55
Figure 50: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Asia .. 55
Figure 51: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Australasia 56
Figure 52: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Eastern Europe & FSU .. 56
Figure 53: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Latin America .. 57
Figure 54: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in the Middle East .. 57
Figure 55: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in North America . 58
Figure 56: Natural Gas Production and Consumption in Western Europe . 58
Figure 57: Internal Turret Mooring and Offloading . 62
Figure 58: Adriatic LNG – Artist’s Impression .. 62
Figure 59: Crystal Clearwater Port. 63
Figure 60: Flex LNG's LNG Producer .. 64
Figure 61: Shell’s FLNG Concept .. 65
Figure 62: Technip's Semi-Submersible FLNG Design .. 66
Figure 63: Tassie Shoal LNG and Methanol Plant Project . 66
Figure 64: Prospective Additions to LNG Liquefaction Capacity 2010-2014 . 71
Figure 65: Prospective Additions to LNG Import Capacity 2010-2014 . 71
Figure 66: Map of West African Terminals . 78
Figure 67: Map of Southeast Asian Terminals . 82
Figure 68: Indonesian Terminals 86
Figure 69: Japanese Terminals .. 87
Figure 70: Australasian Terminals . 93
Figure 71: Greater Gorgon Project 96
Figure 72: Eastern European and Western Russian Terminals .. 98
Figure 73: Latin American Terminals . 101
Figure 74: Brazilian Terminals .. 103
Figure 75: Venezuelan and Carribean Terminals 106
Figure 76: Middle Eastern Terminals . 108
Figure 77: LNG Terminals in the Persian Gulf . 111
Figure 78: North America Terminals (West Coast) 114
Figure 79: North America Terminals (East Coast) . 114
Figure 80: Gulf of Mexico Terminals . 115
Figure 81: Gas Supply in the USA . 117
Figure 82: North African and Western European Terminals .. 124
Figure 83: Spanish Terminals .. 130
Figure 84: Northwest European Terminals . 131
Figure 85: Bonny Island Import Terminal 133
Figure 86: Bonny Island Tank Farm .. 133
Figure 87: Adamawa LNG tanker 134
Figure 88: Guangdong LNG Terminal .. 135
Figure 89: Map of Guangdong LNG Trunk-Line .. 136
Figure 90: Kawagoe Power Complex 137
Figure 91: Kawagoe LNG Storage Tank . 137
Figure 92: LNG Vaporiser – Kawaogoe LNG 138
Figure 93: Location of the New Storage Tanks at Kawagoe . 138
Figure 94: Aerial View of Karratha LNG .. 139
Figure 95: One of NWS Train 5’s modules . 140
Figure 96: Sakhalin II project phases 1, 2 and 3 . 141
Figure 97: Molikpaq platform . 142
Figure 98: LNG Plant Construction Site .. 142
Figure 99: The Altantic LNG Terminal .. 144
Figure 100: Qatargas LNG . 145
Figure 101: Q- Flex LNG Carrier Al Gattara .. 145
Figure 102: Qatargas II Under Construction . 147
Figure 103: Arrival of the new loading arm for Berth 6 (Qatargas III and IV) . 147
Figure 104: LNG Unloading Arms and Storage Tanks at Lake Charles .. 148
Figure 105: LNG Vaporiser – Lake Charles .. 148
Figure 106: Melkøya Island LNG Facility 150
Figure 107: Snøhvit Fields Subsea Developments 150
Figure 108: Snøhvit Process Plant . 151
Figure 109: Adriatic LNG GBS . 152
Figure 110: Storage Tanks within the GBS 152
Figure 111: Capex on LNG Liquefaction Terminals by Region 2005-2014 157
Figure 112: Regional Share of Capex on Liquefaction Terminals 2010-2014 .. 157
Figure 113: Total Liquefaction Capacity Installed and Forecast 2005-2014 .. 158
Figure 114: Liquefaction Capex – New Developments and Expansion Projects . 159
Figure 115: EPC Cost for Liquefaction Terminals 2000-2014 .. 159
Figure 116: Liquefaction Cost Breakdown .. 160
Figure 117: Expenditure on LNG Carriers by Shipbuilder Region 2005-2014 .. 161
Figure 118: Average Vessel Cost for 135,000-165,000 Capacity Carriers . 161
Figure 119: New LNG Carriers by Shipbuilder 2010-2014 .. 162
Figure 120: LNG Carrier Fleet 2005-2014 .. 162
Figure 121: Capex on LNG Import Terminals by Region 2005-2014 . 163
Figure 122: Regional Share of Capex on LNG Import Terminals 2010-2014 163
Figure 123: Import Capex – New Developments and Expansion Projects .. 164
Figure 124: Import Terminals Cost Breakdown 165
Figure 125: Capex on LNG Facilities in Africa by Type 2005-2014 166
Figure 126: Capex on LNG Facilities in Asia 2005-2014 . 166
Figure 127: Capex on LNG Facilities in Australasia by Type 2005-2014 . 167
Figure 128: Capex on LNG Facilities in Eastern Europe & FSU by Type 2005-2014 168
Figure 129: Capex on LNG Facilities in Latin America by Type 2005-2014 169
Figure 130: Capex on LNG Facilities in the Middle East by Type 2005-2014 170
Figure 131: Capex on LNG Facilities in North America by Type 2005-2014 .. 171
Figure 132: Capex on LNG Facilities in Western Europe by Type 2005-2014 .. 172
Figure 133: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Type 2005-2014 173
Figure 134: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Type 2010-2014 173
Figure 135: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Region 2005-2014 .. 174
Figure 136: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Region 2010-2014 .. 174
Tables
Table 1: Example of LNG Composition between Alaska and Algeria .. 20
Table 2: Table of Typical Natural Gas Composition . 28
Table 3: Future Train Size by Liquefaction Process . 35
Table 4: Liquefaction Capacity by Process 35
Table 5: LNG Carrier Construction- Annual Shipyard Capacity .. 37
Table 6: Carrier Propulsions . 42
Table 7: LNG Trade Movements in 2008 (Bcm) . 54
Table 8: Global Overview of Offshore LNG Import and Export Capacity 67
Table 9: Offshore LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects 2010-2014 67
Table 10: Offshore LNG Import Terminals in Operation . 67
Table 11: Offshore LNG Import Terminal Prospects 2010-2014 . 68
Table 12: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Africa . 72
Table 13: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Africa .. 72
Table 14: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in Africa 2010-2014 . 73
Table 15: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in Africa 2010-2014 . 73
Table 16: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Asia 79
Table 17: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Asia . 79
Table 18: LNG Import Terminals in Operation in Asia . 80
Table 19: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in Asia 2010-2014 81
Table 20: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in Asia 2010-2014 81
Table 21: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Australasia . 92
Table 22: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Australasia .. 92
Table 23: LNG Liquefaction Prospects in Australasia 2010- 2014 92
Table 24: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Eastern Europe & FSU 98
Table 25: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Eastern Europe & FSU . 98
Table 26: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in Eastern Europe & FSU . 98
Table 27: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in Eastern Europe & FSU . 98
Table 28: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Latin America . 100
Table 29: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Latin America .. 100
Table 30: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in Latin America 2010-2014 . 100
Table 31: LNG Import Terminals in Operation in Latin America .. 100
Table 32: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in Latin America 2010-2014 . 101
Table 33: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in the Middle East . 107
Table 34: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in the Middle East .. 107
Table 35: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in the Middle East 2010-2014 . 107
Table 36: LNG Import Terminals in Operation in the Middle East .. 107
Table 37: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in the Middle East 2010-2014 . 108
Table 38: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in North America 112
Table 39: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in North America . 112
Table 40: Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in North America 2010-2014 .. 112
Table 41: LNG Import Terminals in Operation in North America . 112
Table 42: LNG Import Terminal Prospects in North America 2010-2014 113
Table 43: Overview of LNG Import and Export Capacity in Western Europe 122
Table 44: LNG Liquefaction Terminals in Operation in Western Europe . 122
Table 45: LNG Liquefaction Terminal Prospects in Western Europe 2010-2014 122
Table 46: LNG Import Terminals in Operation in Western Europe . 122
Table 47: LNG Import Terminals Prospects in Western Europe 2010-2014 . 123
Table 48: Capex on LNG Liquefaction Terminals by Region 2005-2014 157
Table 49: LNG Liquefaction Capacity Coming Onstream 2005-2014 .. 157
Table 50: Total Liquefaction Capacity Installed and Forecast 2005-2014 .. 158
Table 51: Liquefaction Capex – New Developments and Expansion Projects . 159
Table 52: Liquefaction Capacity – New Developments and Expansion Projects 159
Table 53: Liquefaction Cost Breakdown .. 160
Table 54: Expenditure on LNG Carriers by Shipbuilder Region 2005-2014 .. 161
Table 55: No. of Newbuilds by Shipbuilder Region 2005-2014 161
Table 56: LNG Carrier Fleet .. 162
Table 57: Capex on LNG Import Terminals by Region 2005-2014 . 163
Table 58: LNG Import Capacity Coming Onstream 2005-2014 163
Table 59: Import Capex – New Developments and Expansion Projects .. 164
Table 60: Import Capacity – New Developments and Expansion Projects . 164
Table 61: Import Terminals Cost Breakdown . 165
Table 62: Capex on LNG Facilities in Africa by Type 166
Table 63: Capex on LNG Facilities in Asia 2005-2014 . 166
Table 64: Capex on LNG Facilities in Australasia by Type . 167
Table 65: Capex on LNG Facilities in Eastern Europe & FSU by Type 2005-2014 168
Table 66: Capex on LNG Facilities in Latin America by Type 2005-2014 169
Table 67: Capex on LNG Facilities in the Middle East by Type 2005-2014 170
Table 68: Capex on LNG Facilities in North America by Type 2005-2014 .. 171
Table 69: Capex on LNG Facilities in Western Europe by Type 2005-2014 .. 172
Table 70: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Type 2005-2014 173
Table 71: Global Capex on LNG Facilities by Region 2005-2014 174
Table 72: Conversion Table 184
For full details, please email keithw@cmsinfo.com
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